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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Thomas Percival</span></h1>
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<p><b>Thomas Percival</b> (* <a href="29._September" title="29. September">29. September</a> <a href="1740" title="1740">1740</a> in <a href="Warrington" title="Warrington">Warrington</a>; † <a href="30._August" title="30. August">30. August</a> <a href="1804" title="1804">1804</a> in <a href="Manchester" title="Manchester">Manchester</a>) war ein <a href="England" title="England">englischer</a> Arzt und Autor der ersten Leitlinie zum Thema <a href="Medizinethik" title="Medizinethik">Medizinethik</a>.
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Leben_und_Wirken">Leben und Wirken</h2></div>
<p>Thomas Percival war ein Sohn des Händlers Joseph Percival (1694–1744) und dessen Frau Margaret Orred (1704–1744). Da er bereits im Alter von drei Jahren zum <a href="Waise" title="Waise">Vollwaisen</a> wurde, übernahm eine ältere Schwester die Erziehung. Nach dem Besuch der Schule ging Percival nach <a href="Edinburgh" title="Edinburgh">Edinburgh</a>, um <a href="Medizin" title="Medizin">Medizin</a> zu studieren. Am 6. Juli 1765 wurde er an der <a href="Universit%C3%A4t_Leiden" title="Universität Leiden">Universität Leiden</a> zum <a href="Doktor" title="Doktor">MD</a> promoviert.
</p><p>Nachdem er kurze Zeit in Warrington als Arzt praktizierte, zog er 1767 nach <a href="Manchester" title="Manchester">Manchester</a>, wo er für den Rest seines Lebens bleiben sollte. Die Zustände in den dortigen Arbeitervierteln bewogen ihn dazu, mehrere Schriften zum Thema öffentliche Gesundheitsversorgung zu verfassen (s. u.). Als Anhänger einer <a href="Utilitarismus" title="Utilitarismus">utilitaristischen</a> Weltanschauung plädierte er für eine Gesundheitsversorgung, die möglichst viele erreichen sollte, und setzte sich für deren Umsetzung in Manchester ein.
</p><p>Mit seinem Werk <i>Medical ethics</i> gilt er als Begründer der neuzeitlichen Medizinethik, ein Begriff, den er einführte und prägte.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Aus seinem Werk und unter Verwendung zahlreicher seiner Textstellen leitete die <a href="American_Medical_Association" title="American Medical Association">American Medical Association</a> im Jahre ihrer Gründung 1847 ihren ersten <i>Code of Ethics</i> ab.
</p><p>Percival wurde am 3. September 1804 in <a href="Warrington" title="Warrington">Warrington</a> beigesetzt.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ehrungen">Ehrungen</h2></div>
<p>Am 7. März 1765 wurde Percival als Mitglied („Fellow“) in die <a href="Royal_Society" title="Royal Society">Royal Society</a> gewählt.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Er war ab dem 28. Februar 1781 Mitglied (Gründungsmitglied) der Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> und von 1782 bis 1804 deren Präsident.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 1786 wurde er in die <a href="American_Philosophical_Society" title="American Philosophical Society">American Philosophical Society</a> aufgenommen.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Am 22. Januar 1787 wurde Percival in die <a href="Royal_Society_of_Edinburgh" title="Royal Society of Edinburgh">Royal Society of Edinburgh</a><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> und 1789<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in die <a href="American_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences" title="American Academy of Arts and Sciences">American Academy of Arts and Sciences</a> gewählt.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Schriften_(Auswahl)"><span id="Schriften_.28Auswahl.29"></span>Schriften (Auswahl)</h2></div>
<p><b>Bücher</b>
</p>
<ul><li><i>Essays medical and experimental.</i> J. Johnson and B. Davenport London 1767 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.de/books?id=99ux1VxAzpkC&pg=PP3">Digitalisat</a>).
<ul><li>T. Lowndes, London 1770 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.digitale-sammlungen.de/de/view/bsb10085826?page=5">Digitalisat</a>).</li>
<li>2. Auflage, J. Johnson, London 1772 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/essaysmedicalexp01perc/page/n6/mode/1up">Digitalisat</a>).</li>
<li>Joseph Johnson, London 1773 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.digitale-sammlungen.de/de/view/bsb10085827?page=5">Digitalisat</a>).</li>
<li><i>Essays, medical philosophical and experimental.</i> Joseph Johnson, London 1776 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.de/books?id=FEWWAry2oNkC&pg=PR3">Digitalisat</a>).
<ul><li>darin: <i>A letter to Mr. John Atkin, on the internal regulation of hospitals.</i> S. 171–186 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.de/books?id=FEWWAry2oNkC&pg=PA171">Digitalisat</a>).</li></ul></li>
<li>4. Auflage: <i>Essays, medical philosophical and experimental.</i> 2 Bände, J. Johnson, Warrington 1788–1789 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.de/books?id=t2OsNVQ_NO4C&pg=PR3">Band 1</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.de/books?id=oU0BEGaOSycC&pg=PP9">Band 2</a>).</li></ul></li>
<li><i>A father's instructions: consisting of moral tales, fables, and reflections; designed to promote the love of virtue, a taste for knowledge, and an early acquaintance with the works of nature.</i> J. Johnson, London 1776 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.de/books?id=dTtWAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA3">Digitalisat</a>) – anonym.
<ul><li>4. Auflage, J. Johnson, London 1779 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.de/books?id=UtdhAAAAcAAJ&pg=PR3">Digitalisat</a>) – umfasst zwei Teile.</li>
<li>[3. Teil] J. Johnson, London 1800 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.de/books?id=sJI6QUKtjoQC&pg=PA3">Digitalisat</a>).</li>
<li>5. Auflage, J. Johnson, Warrington 1781 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.de/books?id=SQcGAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA3">Digitalisat</a>).</li>
<li>6. Auflage, J. Johnson, Warrington 1784 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=osu.32435001802032&seq=7">Digitalisat</a>).</li>
<li>10. Auflage, J. Johnson, London 1806.</li></ul></li>
<li><i>Medical ethics; or, a code of institutes and precepts, adapted to the professional Conduct of physicians and surgeons.</i> S. Russell, Manchester 1803 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/b2152113x/page/n4/mode/1up">Digitalisat</a>).</li></ul>
<p><b>Zeitschriftenbeiträge</b>
</p>
<ul><li><i>Experiments on the peruvian bark.</i> In: <i><a href="Philosophical_Transactions_of_the_Royal_Society" title="Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society">Philosophical transactions</a>.</i> Band 57, 1767, S. 221–233 (<a href="https://doi.org/10.1098/rstl.1767.0027" class="extiw external" title="doi:10.1098/rstl.1767.0027">doi:10.1098/rstl.1767.0027</a>, <a href="JSTOR" title="JSTOR">JSTOR</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/105951">105951</a>).</li>
<li><i>Experiments and observations on the waters of Buxton and Matlock, in Derbyshire.</i> In: <i>Philosophical transactions.</i> Band 62, 1772, S. 455–464 (<a href="https://doi.org/10.1098/rstl.1772.0033" class="extiw external" title="doi:10.1098/rstl.1772.0033">doi:10.1098/rstl.1772.0033</a>, <a href="JSTOR" title="JSTOR">JSTOR</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/106063">106063</a>).</li>
<li><i>Observations on the state of population in Manchester, and other adjacent places, concluded.</i> In: <i>Philosophical transactions.</i> Band 65, 1775, S. 322–335 (<a href="https://doi.org/10.1098/rstl.1775.0033" class="extiw external" title="doi:10.1098/rstl.1775.0033">doi:10.1098/rstl.1775.0033</a>, <a href="JSTOR" title="JSTOR">JSTOR</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/106202">106202</a>).</li>
<li><i>A supplement to a paper, entitled, Observations on the Population of Manchester.</i> In: <i>Philosophical transactions.</i> Band 66, 1776, S. 160–167 (<a href="https://doi.org/10.1098/rstl.1776.0009" class="extiw external" title="doi:10.1098/rstl.1776.0009">doi:10.1098/rstl.1776.0009</a>, <a href="JSTOR" title="JSTOR">JSTOR</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/106272">106272</a>).</li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literatur">Literatur</h2></div>
<p><b>Ältere</b>
</p>
<ul><li>[William Magee:] <i>Biographical memoirs of the late Thomas Percival, M. D.</i> Manchester 1804 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.de/books?id=10oOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA1">Digitalisat</a>).</li>
<li>Edward Percival (Hrsg.): <i>The works, literary, moral, and medical of Thomas Percival […] to which are prefixed, memoirs of his life and writings, and a selection from his literary correspondence.</i> Neue Auflage, 4 Bände, J. Johnson, London 1807 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/b28747239_0001/page/n4/mode/1up">Band 1</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/b28747239_0002/page/n4/mode/1up">Band 2</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/b28747239_0003/page/n4/mode/1up">Band 3</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/b28747239_0004/page/n4/mode/1up">Band 4</a>).</li></ul>
<p><b>Neuere</b>
</p>
<ul><li>Laurence B. McCullough: <i>Thomas Percival’s Medical ethics and the invention of medical professionalism. With three key Percival texts, two concordances, and a chronology.</i> Springer, 2022, ISBN 978-3-030-86035-6.</li>
<li>John V. Pickstone: <i>Percival, Thomas (1740–1804)</i>. In: Henry Colin Gray Matthew, Brian Harrison (Hrsg.): <i><a href="Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a></i>, from the earliest times to the year 2000 (ODNB). Oxford University Press, Oxford 2004, ISBN 0-19-861411-X; <a href="https://doi.org/10.1093/ref:odnb/21921" class="extiw external" title="doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/21921">doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/21921</a> <small>(Lizenz erforderlich)</small>, Stand: 23. September 2004.</li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Einzelnachweise">Einzelnachweise</h2></div>
<ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Karl-Heinz Leven: <i>Der Arzt: ein "Diener der Kunst"</i>. <a href="Deutsches_%C3%84rzteblatt" title="Deutsches Ärzteblatt">Deutsches Ärzteblatt</a> 2018, Jahrgang 115, Heft 24 vom 15. Juni 2018, Seiten A1164-1167</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Eintrag zu <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogues.royalsociety.org/CalmView/Record.aspx?src=CalmView.Persons&id=NA7086&pos=3&pos=1"><i>Percival; Thomas (1740–1804)</i></a> im Archiv der <i><a href="Royal_Society" title="Royal Society">Royal Society</a></i>, London<span class="editoronly" style="display:none;"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Complete list of the members & officers of the Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society, from its institution on February 28th, 1781, to April 28th, 1896.</i> Manchester 1896, S. 33 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/23003634">online</a>).</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Complete list of the members & officers of the Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society, from its institution on February 28th, 1781, to April 28th, 1896.</i> Manchester 1896, S. 9 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/23003610">online</a>).</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.amphilsoc.org/memhist/search?creator=Percival;year=1786;smode=advanced;f1-date=1786">American Philosophical Society Member History</a>, abgerufen am 4. November 2025.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">C. D. Waterston, A. Macmillan Shearer: <i>Biographical index of former Fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 1783–2002. Part II: K–Z.</i> 2006, ISBN 0-902198-84-X, S. 728 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rse.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/RSE-Fellows-BiographicalIndex-2.pdf">PDF</a>).</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amacad.org/person/thomas-percival">Eintrag</a> auf der Website der <a href="American_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences" title="American Academy of Arts and Sciences">American Academy of Arts and Sciences</a>, Abgerufen am 4. November 2025.</span>
</li>
</ol>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Weblinks">Weblinks</h2></div>
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